《Java虚拟机规范（Java SE 8版）英文版》由Java虚拟机技术创建人撰写。《Java虚拟机规范（Java SE 8版）英文版》全面而準确地阐释了Java虚拟机各方面的细节，围绕Java虚拟机整体架构、编译器、class档案格式、载入、连结与初始化、指令集等核心主题对Java虚拟机进行全面而深入的分析，深刻揭示Java虚拟机的工作原理。《Java虚拟机规范（Java SE 8版）英文版》中完整地讲述了由Java SE 8所引入的新特性，例如对包含默认实现代码的接口方法所做的调用，以及为支持类型注解及方法参数注解而对class档案格式所做的扩展等，还阐明了class档案中各属性的含义及位元组码验证的规则。

《Java虚拟机规范（Java SE 8版）英文版》基于Java SE 8，完整且準确地阐述Java虚拟机规范，是深度了解Java虚拟机和Java语言实现细节的极佳选择。

通过本书你可以学到：

*阐释Java虚拟机与Java的关係和发展历程

*概览Java虚拟机整体架构，包括class档案格式、数据类型、原始类型、引用类型、运行时数据区、栈帧、浮点算法、异常等

*详述如何将以Java语言编写的程式转换为Java虚拟机指令集，涉及常量、局部变数、控制结构、算术运算、参数接收、方法调用、数组、运算元栈、异常处理、同步与注解等

*深入分析用来表示编译后的类和接口的class档案格式，主要包括ClassFile档案结构、描述符、常量池、栏位、方法、属性、格式检查、代码约束与class档案校验等

*定义Java虚拟机启动以及类和接口的载入、连结和初始化过程

*阐释并列举Java虚拟机指令集

《Java虚拟机规范（Java SE 8版）英文版》由Java虚拟机技术创建人撰写。《Java虚拟机规范（Java SE 8版）英文版》全面而準确地阐释了Java虚拟机各方面的细节，围绕Java虚拟机整体架构、编译器、class档案格式、载入、连结与初始化、指令集等核心主题对Java虚拟机进行全面而深入的分析，深刻揭示Java虚拟机的工作原理。《Java虚拟机规范（Java SE 8版）英文版》中完整地讲述了由Java SE 8所引入的新特性，例如对包含默认实现代码的接口方法所做的调用，以及为支持类型注解及方法参数注解而对class档案格式所做的扩展等，还阐明了class档案中各属性的含义及位元组码验证的规则。

《Java虚拟机规范（Java SE 8版）英文版》基于Java SE 8，完整且準确地阐述Java虚拟机规范，是深度了解Java虚拟机和Java语言实现细节的极佳选择。

1 Introduction

1.1 A Bit of History

1.2 The Java Virtual Machine

1.3 Organization of the Specification

1.4 Notation

1.5 Feedback

2 The Structure of the Java Virtual Machine

2.1 The class File Format

2.2 Data Types

2.3 Primitive Types and Values

2.3.1 Integral Types and Values

2.3.2 Floating-Point Types, Value Sets, and Values

2.3.3 The returnAddress Type and Values

2.3.4 The boolean Type

2.4 Reference Types and Values

2.5 Run-Time Data Areas

2.5.1 The pc Register

2.5.2 Java Virtual Machine Stacks

2.5.3 Heap

2.5.4 Method Area

2.5.5 Run-Time Constant Pool

2.5.6 Native Method Stacks

2.6 Frames

2.6.1 Local Variables

2.6.2 Operand Stacks

2.6.3 Dynamic Linking

2.6.4 Normal Method Invocation Completion

2.6.5 Abrupt Method Invocation Completion

2.7 Representation of Objects

2.8 Floating-Point Arithmetic

2.8.1 Java Virtual Machine Floating-Point Arithmetic and IEEE 754

2.8.2 Floating-Point Modes

2.8.3 Value Set Conversion

2.9 Special Methods

2.10 Exceptions

2.11 Instruction Set Summary

2.11.1 Types and the Java Virtual Machine

2.11.2 Load and Store Instructions

2.11.3 Arithmetic Instructions

2.11.4 Type Conversion Instructions

2.11.5 Object Creation and Manipulation

2.11.6 Operand Stack Management Instructions

2.11.7 Control Transfer Instructions

2.11.8 Method Invocation and Return Instructions

2.11.9 Throwing Exceptions

2.11.10 Synchronization

2.12 Class Libraries

2.13 Public Design, Private Implementation

3 Compiling for the Java Virtual Machine

3.1 Format of Examples

3.2 Use of Constants, Local Variables, and Control Constructs

3.3 Arithmetic

3.4 Accessing the Run-Time Constant Pool

3.5 More Control Examples

3.6 Receiving Arguments

3.7 Invoking Methods

3.8 Working with Class Instances

3.9 Arrays

3.10 Compiling Switches

3.11 Operations on the Operand Stack

3.12 Throwing and Handling Exceptions

3.13 Compiling finally

3.14 Synchronization

3.15 Annotations

4 The class File Format

4.1 The ClassFile Structure

4.2 The Internal Form of Names

4.2.1 Binary Class and Interface Names

4.2.2 Unqualified Names

4.3 Descriptors

4.3.1 Grammar Notation

4.3.2 Field Descriptors

4.3.3 Method Descriptors

4.4 The Constant Pool

4.4.1 The CONSTANT_Class_info Structure

4.4.2 The CONSTANT_Fieldref_info, CONSTANT_Methodref_info, and CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info Structures

4.4.3 The CONSTANT_String_info Structure

4.4.4 The CONSTANT_Integer_info and CONSTANT_Float_info Structures

4.4.5 The CONSTANT_Long_info and CONSTANT_Double_info Structures

4.4.6 The CONSTANT_NameAndType_info Structure

4.4.7 The CONSTANT_Utf8_info Structure

4.4.8 The CONSTANT_MethodHandle_info Structure

4.4.9 The CONSTANT_MethodType_info Structure

4.4.10 The CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info Structure

4.5 Fields

4.6 Methods

4.7 Attributes

4.7.1 Defining and Naming New Attributes

4.7.2 The ConstantValue Attribute

4.7.3 The Code Attribute

4.7.4 The StackMapTable Attribute

4.7.5 The Exceptions Attribute

4.7.6 The InnerClasses Attribute

4.7.7 The EnclosingMethod Attribute

4.7.8 The Synthetic Attribute

4.7.9 The Signature Attribute

4.7.9.1 Signatures

4.7.10 The SourceFile Attribute

4.7.11 The SourceDebugExtension Attribute

4.7.12 The LineNumberTable Attribute

4.7.13 The LocalVariableTable Attribute

4.7.14 The LocalVariableTypeTable Attribute

4.7.15 The Deprecated Attribute

4.7.16 The RuntimeVisibleAnnotations Attribute

4.7.16.1 The element_value structure

4.7.17 The RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations Attribute

4.7.18 The RuntimeVisibleParameterAnnotations Attribute

4.7.19 The RuntimeInvisibleParameterAnnotations Attribute

4.7.20 The RuntimeVisibleTypeAnnotations Attribute

4.7.20.1 The target_info union

4.7.20.2 The type_path structure

4.7.21 The RuntimeInvisibleTypeAnnotations Attribute

4.7.22 The AnnotationDefault Attribute

4.7.23 The BootstrapMethods Attribute

4.7.24 The MethodParameters Attribute

4.8 Format Checking

4.9 Constraints on Java Virtual Machine Code

4.9.1 Static Constraints

4.9.2 Structural Constraints

4.10 Verification of class Files

4.10.1 Verification by Type Checking

4.10.1.1 Accessors for Java Virtual Machine Artifacts

4.10.1.2 Verification Type System

4.10.1.3 Instruction Representation

4.10.1.4 Stack Map Frame Representation

4.10.1.5 Type Checking Abstract and Native Methods

4.10.1.6 Type Checking Methods with Code

4.10.1.7 Type Checking Load and Store Instructions

4.10.1.8 Type Checking for protected Members

4.10.1.9 Type Checking Instructions

4.10.2 Verification by Type Inference

4.10.2.1 The Process of Verification by Type Inference

4.10.2.2 The Bytecode Verifier

4.10.2.3 Values of Types long and double

4.10.2.4 Instance Initialization Methods and Newly Created Objects

4.10.2.5 Exceptions and finally

4.11 Limitations of the Java Virtual Machine

5 Loading, Linking, and Initializing

5.1 The Run-Time Constant Pool

5.2 Java Virtual Machine Startup

5.3 Creation and Loading

5.3.1 Loading Using the Bootstrap Class Loader

5.3.2 Loading Using a User-defined Class Loader

5.3.3 Creating Array Classes

5.3.4 Loading Constraints

5.3.5 Deriving a Class from a class File Representation

5.4 Linking

5.4.1 Verification

5.4.2 Preparation

5.4.3 Resolution

5.4.3.1 Class and Interface Resolution

5.4.3.2 Field Resolution

5.4.3.3 Method Resolution

5.4.3.4 Interface Method Resolution

5.4.3.5 Method Type and Method Handle Resolution

5.4.3.6 Call Site Specifier Resolution

5.4.4 Access Control

5.4.5 Overriding

5.5 Initialization

5.6 Binding Native Method Implementations

5.7 Java Virtual Machine Exit

6 The Java Virtual Machine Instruction Set

6.1 Assumptions: The Meaning of "Must"

6.2 Reserved Opcodes

6.3 Virtual Machine Errors

6.4 Format of Instruction Descriptions

mnemonic

6.5 Instructions

aaload

aastore

aconst_null

aload

aload_<n>

anewarray

areturn

arraylength

astore

astore_<n>

athrow

baload

bastore

bipush

caload

castore

checkcast

d2f

d2i

d2l

dadd

daload

dastore

dcmp<op>

dconst_<d>

ddiv

dload

dload_<n>

dmul

dneg

drem

dreturn

dstore

dstore_<n>

dsub

dup

dup_x1

dup_x2

dup2

dup2_x1

dup2_x2

f2d

f2i

f2l

fadd

faload

fastore

fcmp<op>

fconst_<f>

fdiv

fload

fload_<n>

fmul

fneg

frem

freturn

fstore

fstore_<n>

fsub

getfield

getstatic

goto

goto_w

i2b

i2c

i2d

i2f

i2l

i2s

iadd

iaload

iand

iastore

iconst_<i>

idiv

if_acmp<cond>

if_icmp<cond>

if<cond>

ifnonnull

ifnull

iinc

iload

iload_<n>

imul

ineg

instanceof

invokedynamic

invokeinterface

invokespecial

invokestatic

invokevirtual

ior

irem

ireturn

ishl

ishr

istore

istore_<n>

isub

iushr

ixor

jsr

jsr_w

l2d

l2f

l2i

ladd

laload

land

lastore

lcmp

lconst_<l>

ldc

ldc_w

ldc2_w

ldiv

lload

lload_<n>

lmul

lneg

lookupswitch

lor

lrem

lreturn

lshl

lshr

lstore

lstore_<n>

lsub

lushr

lxor

monitorenter

monitorexit

multianewarray

new

newarray

nop

pop

pop2

putfield

putstatic

ret

return

saload

sastore

sipush

swap

tableswitch

wide

7 Opcode Mnemonics by Opcode

Index

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